WAWADIA: Injury, Touch, Abuse & Trauma in Modern Yoga

In many yoga spaces, teachers and students share the expectation that adjustments are a standard part of practice. But this aspect of modern yoga is marred by an uncomfortable history. At the dawn of the global movement in 1930s India, adjustments in key learning spaces such as the Mysore Palace merged with the somatics of corporal punishment. They conveyed assumptions about spiritualized pain and surrender, delivered through a pedagogy of unquestioned charisma and presumed consent. In combination, these factors have led to decades of blurred boundaries, sexualized touch, and general intrusion. If you’re a yoga teacher and you want to adjust people, this presentation will help you get square with this history first. It will help you think about how you will protect your students from it, especially in an unregulated industry. It will offer guidelines for moving forward in the creation of safe and student-driven yoga education.


What This Presentation Covers:

  • Introduction to yoga injury data, including available numbers on injuries related to adjustments, and the problems of self-reporting.
  • Unresolved questions about scope of practice and touch competency.
  • What authoritarian pedagogy looked like and meant in early modern yoga; its legacy of mystique and power.
    • “The modern yoga movement emerges out of a homosocial educational context rife with corporal punishment. This context assumed the teacher’s ownership of and mastery over the body. Its assumptions about intervention, corrections, and consent linger.”
  • What we know and don’t know about T. Krishnamacharya (1888-1989).
  • Mysore accounts of Jois and Iyengar.
  • The overt meanings of pain in the language of Jois and Iyengar.
  • Jois’ sexual harassment of women students.
  • How popular brands mainstreamed the Jois method of adjustment.
  • The pushback: how trauma sensitivity training, notions of “receptive touch”, more crossover between yoga and psychotherapy, and (especially) consent cards are overturning almost eighty years of intrusive teaching.

Supporting Links:


General WAWADIA? Bibliography

I’ve highlighted the texts most relevant to this presentation.

Abram, David. The spell of the sensuous: perception and language in a more-than-human world. New York: Pantheon , 1996. Print.

Ainsworth, Mary D. Salter. Patterns of attachment: a psychological study of the strange situation. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates ;, 1978. Print.

Akers, Brian Dana. The Hatha yoga Pradipika. Woodstock, NY: YogaVidya.com, 2002. Print.

Alter, Joseph S. Yoga in modern India: the body between science and philosophy. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton U Press, 2004. Print.

Appadurai, A. “Disjuncture And Difference In The Global Cultural Economy.” Public Culture (n.d.): 1-24. Print.

Arikha, Noga. Passions and tempers: a history of the humours. New York: Ecco, 2007. Print.

Ballentine, Rudolph, Swami Ajaya, and Swami Rama. Yoga and psychotherapy: the evolution of consciousness. Glenview, Ill.: Himalayan Institute, 1976. Print.

Baudrillard, Jean. Simulations. New York City, N.Y., U.S.A.: Semiotext(e), Inc., 1983. Print.

Benedetti, Fabrizio. “No prefrontal control, no placebo response.” Pain (n.d.): 357-58. Print.

Blackmore, Susan J. The meme machine. Oxford [England: Oxford U Press, 1999. Print.

Bollas, Christopher. Being a Character Psychoanalysis and Self Experience. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis, 2013. Print.

Bordons, Maria, and Isabel Gomez. “Towards A Single Language In Science? A Spanish View.” Serials: The Journal for the Serials Community (n.d.): 189-95. Print.

Bowlby, John. Attachment and loss. New York: Basic , 1969. Print.

Bråten, Stein. On being moved from mirror neurons to empathy. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Pub., 2007. Print.

Broad, William J. The science of yoga: the risks and the rewards. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2012. Print.

Bronkhorst, Johannes. The two traditions of meditation in ancient India. Stuttgart: F. Steiner Verlag Wiesbaden, 1986. Print.

Bryant, Edwin F. The Yoga sūtras of Patañjali: a new edition, translation, and commentary with insights from the traditional commentators. New York: North Point Press, 2009. Print.

Buirski, Peter, and Pamela Haglund. Making sense together: the intersubjective approach to psychotherapy. Northvale, N.J.: J. Aronson, 2001. Print.

Butler, Judith. Gender trouble feminism and the subversion of identity. New York: Routledge, 1999. Print.

Carr, Daniel B. Narrative, pain, and suffering. Seattle, WA: IASP Press, 2005. Print.

Carrette, Jeremy R., and Richard King. Selling spirituality: the silent takeover of religion. London: Routledge, 2005. Print.

Cervero, Fernando. Understanding pain exploring the perception of pain. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2012. Print.

Charon, Rita. Narrative medicine honoring the stories of illness. Oxford: Oxford U Press, 2006. Print.

Cioffi, Delia. “Beyond attentional strategies: A cognitive-perceptual model of somatic interpretation.” Psychological Bulletin 109.1 (1991): 25-41. Print.

Coakley, Sarah, and Kay Kaufman Shelemay. Pain and its transformations: the interface of biology and culture. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard U Press, 2007. Print.

Cohen, Esther. The modulated scream: pain in late medieval culture. Chicago: U of Chicago Press, 2010. Print.

Cope, Stephen. Yoga and the quest for the true self. New York: Bantam , 1999. Print.

Cozolino, Louis J. The neuroscience of psychotherapy: healing the social brain. 2nd ed. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 2010. Print.

Csikszentmihalyi, Mihaly. Flow: the psychology of optimal experience. New York: Harper & Row, 1990. Print.

Csikszentmihalyi, Mihaly. Flow: the psychology of optimal experience. New York: Harper & Row, 1990. Print.

Debord, Guy. The society of the spectacle. New York: Zone , 1994. Print.

Decety, Jean, and William John Ickes. The social neuroscience of empathy. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2009. Print.

Derrida, Jacques. Margins of philosophy. Chicago: U of Chicago Press, 1982. Print.

Desai, Amrit. Kripalu yoga: meditation-in-motion. Lenox, MA: Kripalu Publications, 1985. Print.

Dijkhuizen, Jan Frans van. The sense of suffering constructions of physical pain in early modern culture. Leiden: Brill, 2009. Print.

Doidge, Norman. The brain that changes itself: stories of personal triumph from the frontiers of brain science. New York: Viking, 2007. Print.

Doniger, Wendy. Hindu myths: a sourcebook. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1975. Print.

Doniger, Wendy. The Hindus: an alternative history. New York: Penguin Press, 2009. Print.

Edwards, Michaelle Z. YogAlign: pain-free yoga from your core. Hanalei, Hawaii: Mana Press, 2010. Print.

Eknath, Easwaran. The Bhagavad Gita. Petaluma, CA: Nilgiri Press, 1985. Print.

Eliade, Mircea. Yoga: immortality and freedom. [2d ed. Princeton, N.J.: Published by] Princeton U Press [for Bollingen Foundation, New York, 1969. Print.

Farhi, Donna. Teaching yoga: exploring the teacher-student relationship. Berkeley, Calif.: Rodmell Press :, 2006. Print.

Favazza, Armando R. Bodies under siege: self-mutilation and body modification in culture and psychiatry. 2nd ed. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins U Press, 1996. Print.

Fernandez, Ephrem, and Dennis C. Turk. “The utility of cognitive coping strategies for altering pain perception: a meta-analysis.” Pain 38.2 (1989): 123-35. Print.

Feuerstein, Georg. The yoga tradition: its history, literature, philosophy, and practice. Prescott, Ariz.: Hohm Press, 1998. Print.

Fields, Gregory P. Religious therapeutics body and health in Yoga, Āyurveda, and Tantra. Albany: State U of New York, 2001. Print.

Firestone, Shulamith. The dialectic of sex: the case for feminist revolution. New York: Morrow, 1970. Print.

Forrest, Ana T. Fierce medicine: breakthrough practices to heal the body and ignite the spirit. New York, NY: HarperOne, 2011. Print.

Foucault, Michel. Discipline and punish: the birth of the prison. New York: Pantheon , 1977. Print.

Freeman, Richard. The mirror of yoga: awakening the intelligence of body and mind. Boston: Shambhala, 2010. Print.

Freud, Sigmund. Civilization and its discontents. [1st American ed. New York: W.W. Norton, 1961. Print.

Freud, Sigmund, and Katherine Jones. Moses and monotheism. New York: Vintage , 1967. Print.

Freud, Sigmund, and James Strachey. Three essays on the theory of sexuality. New York: Basic , 19751962. Print.

Gabbard, Glen O. Long-term psychodynamic psychotherapy: a basic text. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Pub., 2010. Print.

Gard, T., B. K. Holzel, A. T. Sack, H. Hempel, S. W. Lazar, D. Vaitl, and U. Ott. “Pain Attenuation through Mindfulness is Associated with Decreased Cognitive Control and Increased Sensory Processing in the Brain.” Cerebral Cortex (n.d.): 2692-702. Print.

Gatchel, Robert J., and Dennis C. Turk. Psychosocial factors in pain: critical perspectives. New York: Guilford Press, 1999. Print.

Gelman, Susan A. The essential child: origins of essentialism in everyday thought. Oxford: Oxford U Press, 2003. Print.

Germain, Blandine, and Stephen Anderson. Anatomy of movement. English language ed. Seattle: Eastland Press, 1993. Print.

Ghose, Aurobindo. The integral yoga of Sri Aurobindo. [2d ed. Pondicherry: Sri Aurobindo Ashram Press] Distributors for the U.S.A. Associated ellers, Westport, Conn., 1959. Print.

Gladwell, Christopher. The garland of jewels: a workbook on the many facets of yoga, for yogins, yoga teachers and yoga students. England: Siddha Publishing, 2012. Print.

Glucklich, Ariel. Sacred pain: hurting the body for the sake of the soul. Oxford: Oxford U Press, 2001. Print.

Gonzalbo, Fernando. In the eyes of God: a study on the culture of suffering. Austin: U of Texas Press, Teresa Lozano Long Institute of Latin American Studies, 2006. Print.

Gupta, Bina. An introduction to Indian philosophy: perspectives on reality, knowledge, and freedom. New York: Routledge, 2012. Print.

Hadjistavropoulos, Thomas, and Kenneth D. Craig. Pain psychological perspectives. Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum, 2004. Print.

Hadjistavropoulos, Thomas, and Kenneth D. Craig. Pain psychological perspectives. Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum, 2004. Print.

Hanington, Edda. “The psychobiology of chronic headache.” Pain 16.4 (1983): 401-02. Print.

Hanson, Rick, and Richard Mendius. Buddha’s brain: the practical neuroscience of happiness, love & wisdom. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger Publications, 2009. Print.

Hanson, Rick, Richard Mendius, and Inc OverDrive. Buddha’s brain the practical neuroscience of happiness, love, & wisdom. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger Publications, 2009. Print.

Harrington, Anne. The cure within: a history of mind-body medicine. New York: W.W. Norton, 2008. Print.

Harrington, Anne. The cure within: a history of mind-body medicine. New York: W.W. Norton, 2008. Print.

Hauser, Beatrix. Yoga traveling bodily practice in transcultural perspective. Cham: Springer, 2013. Print.

Hood, Bruce M. The self illusion: how the social brain creates identity. Oxford: Oxford U Press, 2012. Print.

Hooks, Bell. Teaching to transgress: education as the practice of freedom. New York: Routledge, 1994. Print.

Hooks, Bell. Feminism is for everybody: passionate politics. Cambridge, MA: South End Press, 2000. Print.

Hooks, Bell. Teaching community: a pedagogy of hope. New York: Routledge, 2003. Print.

Horovitz, Ellen G., and Staffan Elgelid. Yoga therapy: theory and practice. New York: Routledge, 2015. Print.

Horowitz, Mardi J., and Stephanie S. Becker. “The Compulsion To Repeat Trauma.” The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 153.1 (1971): 32-40. Print.

Horton, Carol A., and Roseanne Harvey. 21st century yoga: culture, politics, and practice. Chicago: Kleio , 2012. Print.

Horton, Carol A. Yoga Ph. D.: integrating the life of the mind and the wisdom of the body. Chicago, Ill.: Kleio , 2012. Print.

Iacoboni, Marco. Mirroring people: the new science of how we connect with others. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2008. Print.

Iacoboni, Marco. Mirroring people: the new science of how we connect with others. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2008. Print.

Irigaray, Luce. Between East and West from singularity to community. New York: Columbia U Press, 2002. Print.

Iyengar, B. K. S., John J. Evans, and Douglas Carlton Abrams. Light on life: the yoga journey to wholeness, inner peace, and ultimate freedom. Emmaus, Pa.: Rodale, 2005. Print.

Jaynes, Julian. The origin of consciousness in the breakdown of the bicameral mind. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1976. Print.

Jnāneshwar’s Gītā: a rendering of the Jnāneśhwarī. Albany, N.Y.: State U of New York Press, 1989. Print.

Johnstone, Maxine. Illuminating dance: philosophical explorations. Lewisburg: Bucknell U Press ;, 1984. Print.

Johnstone, Maxine. Giving the body its due. Albany: State U of New York Press, 1992. Print.

Johnstone, Maxine. The primacy of movement. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Pub., 1999. Print.

Juhan, Deane. Job’s body: a handbook for bodywork. Barrytown, N.Y.: Station Hill Press ;, 1987. Print.

Jung, C. G., and Sonu Shamdasani. The psychology of Kundalini yoga: notes of the seminar given in 1932 by C.G. Jung. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton U Press, 1996. Print.

Kadetsky, Elizabeth. First there is a mountain: a yoga romance. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 2004. Print.

Kagan, Jerome, Richard B. Kearsley, and Philip R. Zelazo. Infancy: its place in human development. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard U Press, 1978. Print.

Kagan, Jerome. Galen’s prophecy: temperament in human nature. New York, NY: Basic , 1994. Print.

Kahneman, Daniel. Thinking, fast and slow. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2011. Print.

Kahrs, Eivind. Indian semantic analysis: the nirvacana tradition. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge U Press, 1998. Print.

Kakar, Sudhir. Shamans, mystics, and doctors: a psychological inquiry into India and its healing traditions. New York: Knopf, 1982. Print.

Kalsched, Donald E. “Daimonic elements in early trauma.” Journal of Analytical Psychology (2003): 145-69. Print.

Kaminoff, Leslie, Amy Matthews, and Sharon Ellis. Yoga anatomy. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 2007. Print.

Kaplan, Louise J. Oneness and separateness: from infant to individual. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1978. Print.

King, Richard. Indian philosophy an introduction to Hindu and Buddhist thought. Edinburgh: Edinburgh U Press, 1999. Print.

King, Richard. Orientalism and religion postcolonial theory, India and ‘the mystic East’ London: Routledge, 1999. Print.

Klein, Melanie, and Juliet Mitchell. The selected Melanie Klein. New York: Free Press, 19871986. Print.

Koch, Liz. The psoas book. 2nd ed. Felton, CA.: Guinea Pig Publications, 1997. Print.

Kramer, Joel, and Diana Alstad. The guru papers: masks of authoritarian power. Berkeley, Calif.: North Atlantic /Frog, 1993. Print.

Kramer, Joel, and Diana Alstad. The passionate mind revisited: expanding personal and social awareness. Berkeley, Calif.: North Atlantic , 2009. Print.

Kripal, Jeffrey J. Kālī’s child: the mystical and the erotic in the life and teachings of Ramakrishna. Chicago: U of Chicago Press, 1995. Print.

Kristeva, Julia. Powers of horror: an essay on abjection. New York: Columbia U Press, 1982. Print.

Kristeva, Julia. This incredible need to believe. New York: Columbia U Press, 2009. Print.

Lacan, Jacques, and Bruce Fink. Ecrits: the first complete edition in English. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 2006. Print.

Langford, Jean. Fluent bodies: Ayurvedic remedies for postcolonial imbalance. Durham: Duke U Press, 2002. Print.

Larson, Gerald James. Classical Sāṃkhya; an interpretation of its history and meaning. [1st ed. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1969. Print.

Larson, Gerald James, and Knut A. Jacobsen. Theory and practice of yoga: essays in honour of Gerald James Larson. Leiden: Brill, 2005. Print.

Lasater, Judith, and Ike Lasater. What we say matters: practicing nonviolent communication. Berkeley, Calif.: Rodmell Press, 2009. Print.

Lederman, Eyal. “The fall of the postural-structural-biomechanical model in manual and physical therapies: Exemplified by lower back pain.” Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies 15.2 (2011): 131-38. Print.

Lemma, Alessandra. Under the skin a psychoanalytic study of body modification. London: Routledge, 2010. Print.

Lorenzen, David N. Yogi heroes and poets: histories and legends of the Naths. Albany: State U of New York Press, 2011. Print.

Lorr, Benjamin. Hell-bent: obsession, pain, and the search for something like transcendence in competitive yoga. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2012. Print.

MacGregor, Kino. The power of ashtanga yoga II: the intermediate series: a practice to open your heart and purify your body and mind. N.p.: Shambhala, 2013. Print.

Magnusson, S. Peter, Henning Langberg, and Michael Kjaer. “The Pathogenesis Of Tendinopathy: Balancing The Response To Loading.” Nature Reviews Rheumatology 6.5 (2010): 262-68. Print.

Main, Chris J. ““Chronic Pain: An Integrated Biobehavioural Approach” by Ed. HertaFlor and DennisTurk, 1st ed., I.A.S.P. Press, ISBN-13: 978-0-931092-90-9, 547 pp. with CD-ROM, 2011.” European Journal of Pain 16.5 (2012): 775-76. Print.

Malhotra, Rajiv. Being different: an Indian challenge to western universalism. New Delhi: HarperCollins Publishers India a joint venture with The India Today Group, 2011. Print.

Malhotra, Rajiv. Indra’s net: defending Hinduism’s philosophical unity. Noida: HarperCollins Publishers India, 2014. Print.

Mallinson, James. The Shiva samhita: a critical edition and an English translation. Woodstock, NY: YogaVidya.com, 2007. Print.

Mallinson, James. The Shiva samhita: a critical edition and an English translation. Woodstock, NY: YogaVidya.com, 2007. Print.

Mallinson, James. The Khecarīvidyā of Ādinātha a critical edition and annotated translation of an early text of haṭhayoga. London: Routledge, 2007. Print.

Mast, Gerald, and Marshall Cohen. “Mulvey, Laura. “Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema”.” Film theory and criticism; introductory readings. New York: Oxford U Press, 1974. N. pag. Print.

Meditations from the Tantras, with live class transcriptions. Monghyr: Bihar School of Yoga, 1974. Print.

Meulenbeld, Gerrit Jan, and D. Wujastyk. Studies on Indian medical history. Reprint ed. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 2001. Print.

Michelis, Elizabeth. A history of modern yoga Patañjali and Western esotericism. London: Continuum, 2005. Print.

Miller, Alice. For your own good: hidden cruelty in child-rearing and the roots of violence. New York: Farrar, Straus, Giroux, 1983. Print.

Miller, Alice. The body never lies: the lingering effects of cruel parenting. New York: W.W. Norton, 2005. Print.

Miller, Jill, and Kelly Starrett. The roll model: a step-by-step guide to erase pain, improve mobility, and live better in your body. N.p.: Victory Belt, 2014. Print.

Mitchell, Stephen. Bhagavad Gita: a new translation. New York: Harmony , 2000. Print.

Moerman, Daniel E. Meaning, medicine, and the “placebo effect”. Cambridge: Cambridge U Press, 2002. Print.

Mohan, A. G., and Ganesh Mohan. Krishnamacharya: his life and teachings. Boston: Shambhala, 2010. Print.

Mohan, A. G. Yoga Yājñavalkya. 2nd ed. Chennai, India: Svastha Yoga Pte Ltd.., 2013. Print.

Newcombe, Suzanne. “The Development of Modern Yoga: A Survey of the Field.” Religion Compass (n.d.): 986-1002. Print.

Niranjanananda, Paramahamsa. Dharana darshan: a panoramic view of the yogic, tantric and upanishadic practices of concentration and visualization. 1.st ed. Deoghar, Bihar, India: Sri Panchdashnam Paramahamsa Alakh Bara, 1993. Print.

Orbach, Susie. Hunger strike: the anorectic’s struggle as a metaphor for our age. New York: Norton, 1986. Print.

Pannikar, Raymond, and N. Shāntā. The Vedic experience: mantramanjari : an anthology of the Vedas for modern man and contemporary celebration. Berkeley: U of California Press, 1977. Print.

Pearson, Neil. Understand pain, live well again: pain education for busy clinicians & people with persistent pain. Penticton, BC: Life is Now, 2007. Print.

Phillips, Adam. Winnicott. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard U Press, 1988. Print.

Phillips, Adam. Terrors and experts. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard U Press, 1996. Print.

Pinker, Steven. How the mind works. New York: Norton, 1997. Print.

Ponty, Maurice, and Claude Lefort. The visible and the invisible; followed by working notes. Evanston [Ill.: Northwestern U Press, 1968. Print.

Ponty, Maurice, and Thomas Baldwin. Maurice Merleau-Ponty basic writings. London: Routledge, 2004. Print.

Porges, Stephen W. The polyvagal theory: neurophysiological foundations of emotions, attachment, communication, and self-regulation. New York: W. W. Norton, 2011. Print.

Proudfoot, Wayne. William James and a science of religions reexperiencing The varieties of religious experience. New York: Columbia U Press, 2004. Print.

Pultz, John. Photography and the body. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1995. Print.

Ramachandran, V. S. The tell-tale brain: a neuroscientist’s quest for what makes us human. New York: W.W. Norton, 2011. Print.

Rayapati, J. P. Rao. Early American interest in Vedanta; pre-Emersonian interest in Vedic literature and Vedantic philosophy. New York: Asia Pub. House, 1973. Print.

Remski, Matthew. Threads of yoga: a remix of Patañjali-s sūtra-s with commentary and reverie. Charleston: Matthew Remski, 2012. Print.

Robin, Mel. A physiological handbook for teachers of yogasana. Tucson, Ariz.: Fenestra , 2002. Print.

Rodríguez, Raúl Martínez, and Fernando Galán Del Río. “Mechanistic basis of manual therapy in myofascial injuries. Sonoelastographic evolution control.” Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies 17.2 (2013): 221-34. Print.

Roland, Alan. Cultural pluralism and psychoanalysis: the Asian and North American experience. New York: Routledge, 1996. Print.

Rolf, Ida P. Rolfing: the integration of human structures. Santa Monica, Calif.: Dennis-Landman, 1977. Print.

Rosenberg, Marshall B. Nonviolent communication: a language of life. 2nd ed. Encinitas, CA: PuddleDancer Press, 2003. Print.

Said, Edward W. Orientalism. New York: Vintage , 1979. Print.

Saraswati, Muktibodhananda. Hatha yoga pradipika: the light on hatha yoga : including the original sanskrit text of the Hatha Yoga Pradipika with English translation. Munger: Bihar School of Yoga, 1985. Print.

Sarma, Deepak. Classical Indian philosophy: a reader. New York: Columbia U Press, 2011. Print.

Scaravelli, Vanda. Awakening the spine: the stress-free new yoga that works with the body to restore health, vitality, and energy. San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 1991. Print.

Scarry, Elaine. The body in pain: the making and unmaking of the world. New York: Oxford U Press, 1985. Print.

Schiffmann, Erich. Yoga: the spirit and practice of moving into stillness. New York: Pocket , 1996. Print.

Schmidt, Norman B., J. Anthony Richey, Michael J. Zvolensky, and Jon K. Maner. “Exploring Human Freeze Responses To A Threat Stressor.” Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry (n.d.): 292-304. Print.

Schore, Allan N. “Advances in Neuropsychoanalysis, Attachment Theory, and Trauma Research: Implications for Self Psychology.” Psychoanalytic Inquiry (n.d.): 433-84. Print.

Schore, Allan N. “The Right Brain Implicit Self Lies at the Core of Psychoanalysis.” Psychoanalytic Dialogues (2011): 75-100. Print.

Sheets-Johnstone, Maxine. “Animation: the fundamental, essential, and properly descriptive concept.” Continental Philosophy Review Cont Philos Rev (n.d.): 375-400. Print.

Sheets-Johnstone, Maxine. “The Primacy of Movement.” Advances in Consciousness Research (2011): n. pag. Print.

Siegel, Daniel J. The mindful brain: reflection and attunement in the cultivation of well-being. New York: W.W. Norton, 2007. Print.

Singleton, Mark. “Salvation through Relaxation: Proprioceptive Therapy and its Relationship to Yoga.” Journal of Contemporary Religion (n.d.): 289-304. Print.

Singleton, Mark, and Jean Byrne. Yoga in the modern world: contemporary perspectives. London: Routledge, 2008. Print.

Singleton, Mark, and Jean Byrne. Yoga in the modern world: contemporary perspectives. London: Routledge, 2008. Print.

Singleton, Mark. Yoga body: the origins of modern posture practice. Oxford: Oxford U Press, 2010. Print.

Singleton, Mark, and Ellen Goldberg. Gurus of modern yoga. London: Oxford U Press, 2013. Print.

Sjoman, N. E. The Yoga tradition of the Mysore Palace. New Delhi: Abhinav Publications, 1996. Print.

Sokolowski, Robert. Introduction to phenomenology. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge U Press, 2000. Print.

Sovatsky, Stuart. Advanced spiritual intimacy: the yoga of deep tantric sensuality. Third ed. Rochester, VT: Inner Traditions, 2014. Print.

Sterling, Anne. Sexing the body: gender politics and the construction of sexuality. New York, NY: Basic , 2000. Print.

Stern, Daniel N. The present moment in psychotherapy and everyday life. New York: W.W. Norton, 2004. Print.

Stern, Eddie, and Guy Donahaye. Guruji a portrait of sri k. pattabhi jois through the eyes of his students. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2013. Print.

Stiles, Mukunda. Structural yoga therapy: adapting to the individual. York Beach, ME: Samuel Weiser, 2000. Print.

Stolorow, Robert D., and George E. Atwood. Contexts of being: the intersubjective foundations of psychological life. Hillsdale, NJ: Analytic Press, 1992. Print.

Stone, Michael. The inner tradition of yoga: a guide to yoga philosophy for the contemporary practitioner. Boston: Shambhala, 2008. Print.

Stone, Michael. Freeing the body, freeing the mind: writings on the connections between yoga and Buddhism. Boston: Shambhala ;, 2010. Print.

Stone, Michael. Awake in the world: teachings from yoga & Buddhism for living an engaged life. Boston: Shambhala, 2011. Print.

Stortz, Patricia M. The apostolic letter of Pope John Paul II on the Christian meaning of human suffering a critical perspective. Ottawa: National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1992. Print.

Strauss, Sarah. Positioning yoga balancing acts across cultures. Oxford: Berg, 2005. Print.

Szasz, Thomas. Pain and pleasure: a study of bodily feelings. 2d expanded ed. New York: Basic , 1975. Print.

Thapar, Romila. Interpreting early India. Delhi: Oxford U Press, 1992. Print.

Thernstrom, Melanie. The pain chronicles: cures, myths, mysteries, prayers, diaries, brain scans, healing, and the science of suffering. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2010. Print.

Tuli, Uma, and Nirlipta Tuli. Yoni Shakti A woman’s guide to power and freedom through yoga and tantra. London: Pinter & Martin Ltd, 2015. Print.

Turk, Dennis C. Psychological approaches to pain management a practitioner’s handbook. 2nd ed. New York: Guilford Press, 2002. Print.

Varela, Francisco J., Evan Thompson, and Eleanor Rosch. The embodied mind: cognitive science and human experience. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1991. Print.

Vetlesen, Arne Johan. A philosophy of pain. London: Reaktion , 2009. Print.

Wall, Patrick D. Pain: the science of suffering. New York: Columbia U Press, 2000. Print.

Wallis, Glenn. Cruel theory – sublime practice: toward a revaluation of buddhism. S.l.: Eyecorner Press, 2013. Print.

Werner, Karel. The Yogi and the mystic: studies in Indian and comparative mysticism. London: Curzon ;, 1989. Print.

Whicher, Ian, and David Carpenter. Yoga: the Indian tradition. London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2003. Print.

White, David Gordon. Tantra in practice. Princeton, NJ: Princeton U Press, 2000. Print.

White, David Gordon. Kiss of the yoginī “Tantric sex” in its South Asian contexts. Chicago: U of Chicago Press, 2003. Print.

White, David Gordon. Sinister yogis. Chicago: U of Chicago Press, 2009. Print.

White, David Gordon. Yoga in practice. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton U Press, 2012. Print.

White, David Gordon. The Yoga Sutra of Patanjali: a biography. Princeton, NJ: Princeton U Press, 2014. Print.

Wiech, K., R. Kalisch, N. Weiskopf, B. Pleger, K. E. Stephan, and R. J. Dolan. “Anterolateral Prefrontal Cortex Mediates the Analgesic Effect of Expected and Perceived Control over Pain.” Journal of Neuroscience (n.d.): 11501-1509. Print.

Wiech, Katja, Robert Edwards, Graham Lorimer Moseley, Chantal Berna, Markus Ploner, and Irene Tracey. “Dissociable Neural Mechanisms Underlying the Modulation of Pain and Anxiety? An fMRI Pilot Study.” PLoS ONE (2014): n. pag. Print.

Williams, David A., and Beverly E. Thorn. “An empirical assessment of pain beliefs.” Pain 36.3 (1989): 351-58. Print.

Winnicott, D. W. The child, the family, and the outside world. Harmondsworth, Eng.: Penguin , 1964. Print.

Winnicott, D. W. The maturational processes and the facilitating environment; studies in the theory of emotional development,. New York: International Universities Press, 1965. Print.

Winnicott, D. W. The maturational processes and the facilitating environment; studies in the theory of emotional development,. New York: International Universities Press, 1965. Print.

Winnicott, D. W. Playing and reality. New York: Basic , 1971. Print.

Wujastyk, Dominik. “Interpreting the Image of the Human Body in Premodern India.” Hindu Studies International Journal of Hindu Studies (n.d.): 189-228. Print.

Zysk, Kenneth G. Medicine in the Veda: religious healing in the Veda : with translations and annotations of medical hymns from the Ṛgveda and the Atharvaveda and renderings from the corresponding ritual texts. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1996. Print.

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Learn how your comment data is processed.